Manajemen Stres pada Ikan untuk Akuakultur Berkelanjutan
Abstract
Abstrak
Objektif. Ikan merupakan salah satu sumber protein hewani yang banyak diminati oleh masyarakat selama beberapa dekade terakhir, sehingga permintaan jumlah ikan sangat tinggi. Jumlah tangkapan ikan kurang memenuhi jumlah permintaan secara global, sehingga akuakultur menjadi trend sebagai solusi untuk mencukupi kebutuhan jumlah ikan. Akuakultur terus berkembang lebih cepat daripada sektor produksi pangan utama lainnya dan memiliki kontribusi besar terhadap hasil perikanan dunia. Namun, usaha akuakultur tidak selalu berhasi karena banyak faktor. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, perlu adanya kajian untuk manajemen stres dari sisi fisiologis ikan untuk budidaya ikan yang lebih optimal.
Material and Metode. Metode yang digunakan berupa analisis Survival Rate (SR), Growth Rate (GR), pertumbuhan mutlak (W), uji hematologis, uji kadar kortisol, uji kadar glukosa darah, Heat Shock Protein (HSP), patologi, histologi, serta tingkah laku.
Hasil. Keberhasilan dalam usaha akuakultur tidak lepas dari manajemen pemeliharaan yang baik, karena lingkungan maupun perlakuan terhadap ikan dapat menimbulkan stres pada ikan yang dapat mempengaruhi proses pertumbuhan, reproduksi, hingga mengancam kelangsungan hidup ikan. Hal ini sangat erat hubungannya dengan proses fisiologi ikan yang penting untuk diketahui oleh pembudidaya ikan. Ikan akan merespons stres melalui sistem hormonal (aksis HPI) yang nantinya akan berdampak pada perubahan metabolisme tubuh, respon seluler, hingga perubahan secara menyeluruh pada individu termasuk perubahan perilaku. Sehingga untuk menghindari terjadinya stres pada ikan, perlu adanya manajemen pemeliharaan yang baik agar mendapatkan hasil yang optimal dari kegiatan budidaya ikan.
Kesimpulan. Manajemen pemeliharaan yang baik meliputi kontrol kualitas air baik secara fisika maupun kimia, pengendalian gulma, patogen maupun predator/kompetitor, jumlah penebaran (densitas) ikan, penanganan yang tepat saat pemindahan, sanitasi yang baik, diet yang seimbang serta manajemen kesehatan (penanganan penyakit) dengan baik.
Abstrack
Objective. Fish is one of the sources of animal protein that has been in high demand by the public for the past few decades, so the demand for fish is very high. The amount of fish catch does not meet the global demand, so aquaculture is a trend as a solution to meet the needs of the number of fish. Aquaculture continues to grow faster than other major food production sectors and has a major contribution to global fisheries yields. However, aquaculture efforts are not always successful because of many factors. Based on this, there needs to be a study for stress management from the physiological side of fish for more optimal fish farming.
Materials and Methods. The methods used are analysis of Survival Rate (SR), Growth Rate (GR), absolute growth (W), hematological test, cortisol level test, blood glucose level test, Heat Shock Protein (HSP), pathology, histology, and behavior.
Results Success in aquaculture efforts can not be separated from good maintenance management, because the environment and treatment of fish can cause stress on fish that can affect the process of growth, reproduction, to threaten the survival of fish. This is very closely related to the physiological processes of fish that are important to know by fish farmers. Fish will respond to stress through the hormonal system (HPI axis) which will later have an impact on changes in the body's metabolism, cellular responses, to overall changes in individuals, including changes in behavior. So as to avoid stress on fish, good maintenance management is needed in order to get optimal results from fish farming activities.
Conclusion. Good maintenance management includes physical and chemical water quality control, control of weeds, pathogens and predators/competitors, the amount of fish stocking, proper handling when transplanted, good sanitation, balanced diet and health management (disease management) well.
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References
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